Notes+postings+from+textbook+reading,+pages+305-309

Copy and paste your notes from pages 305-309 into this document, to the right of your name. Be careful and make sure your notes are not too similar to other student's notes, or you could be accused of plagiarism.

** A thesis statement: ** -intensity - the degree of earthquake shaking at a given place and based on the amout of damage and distruction -the richter scale is based off of the amp. of of an earthquake - magnitude scales - number of scales made - the biggest number that a magnitude scale can determine is a 8.9 - only 90% of earth quakes are at 100 km - a really bad earthquake occurred on black Friday on 1964 - Many historical earthquakes have happened in the past. || || Intensity is a measure of the degree of earthquake at a specific place based on the amount of damage. Magnitude is an estimated total amount of energy released during an earthquake based on seismic records. The biggest number a magnitude scale can determine is 8.9. Both intensity and magnitude help determine the size of the earthquake. The earthquakes with most damage, occur at shallow depths. || Montoya || · Earthquakes originate at depths ranging from around 5 to about 700 kilometers. · Points of origin within 70 kilometers of the surface refer to as shallow · Points between 70-300 kilometers are intermediate. · Points greater than 300 kilometers are classified as deep. · ** Wadati-Benioff Zones ** - the narrow zone of inclined seismic activity that extends from a trench downward into the asthenosphere. · Intensity and magnitude are two ways you describe the size of an earthquake. · ** Intensity- ** a measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage. · ** Magnitude- ** an estimate of the total amount of energy released during an earthquake, based on seismic records. · In 1902, Giuseppe Mercalli developed a reliable intensity scale also known as “Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale.” It is still used today. · The Richter scale is based on the amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded on a seismogram. · A more précised measure is called moment magnitude, which can be calculated using several techniques ||
 * ~ Student Name ||~ Student notes go in the space below, you may need to reduce the font size before you past it here ||
 * Fakey McExample || == ==
 * tells the reader how you will interpret the significance of the subject matter under discussion
 * is a road map for the paper; in other words, it tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper
 * The subject, or topic, of an essay might be World War II or Moby Dick; a thesis must then offer a way to understand the war or the novel.
 * makes a claim that others might dispute
 * is usually a single sentence somewhere in your first paragraph that presents your argument to the reader. The rest of the paper, the body of the essay, gathers and organizes evidence that will persuade the reader of the logic of your interpretation ||
 * Dwight Alaba || * Origin of earthquakes depth range from 4 to 700 km.
 * **Shallow -** Point of origin within 70 km of the surface.
 * **Intermediate -** generates point of origin between 70 to 300 km.
 * 90% of earthquake occur at depths of less than 100 km.
 * Earthquake along the the oceanic ridge system have shallow focus.
 * **Wadati-Benioff zone -** a narrow zone that plunges deep into the earth's interior. ||
 * Sami Allam ||  ||
 * Woo Byun || * =====Earthquakes originate at depths ranging from 5 to 700 km=====
 * =====90% earthquakes occur at depths of less than 100km=====
 * =====Seismic regions called Wadati-Benioff zones dip at an average angle of 45 degrees=====
 * =====Intensity scales are based on destruction, it does not only include the shaking, but also population density, building design and the nature of surface materials=====
 * Richter scale based on amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded on the seismogram
 * Moment magnitude is when a average amount of displacement along the fault, the area of the rupture surface, and the shear strength of the faulted rock, --a measure of how much strain energy a rock can store before it suddenly slips and releases energy in the form of an earthquake. ||
 * Tracy Catallo || * Earthquakes with the pointes of origin within 70 km of the surface are referred to as shallow
 * those generated between 70 and 300 km are considered intermediate
 * and those with a focus greater then 300 km are called deep
 * studies conducted in the pacific basin established the face that foci depths increase with increasing distance from deep-ocean trenches
 * intensity and magnitude describe the different measures of an earthquake
 * To describe the damage done from an earthquake scientists came up with a scale (modified Mercalli intensity scale) it helps compare earthquakes
 * the richter scale is based on the amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded on a seismic graph.
 * because seismic waves weaken as the distance between the earthquake focus and the seismograph increases
 * largest magnitude in 8.9 that can be detected
 * moment magnitudes can be calculated from a field stuides using a combination of factors that include the average amount of displacement along the fault the are of the rupture and the shear strenghth of the faulted rock ||
 * kasey Dann || -Moment magnitude - is a better way to measure magnitude
 * Rashid Haddad ||  ||
 * Mohammad Jawad || * Earthquakes start at depths of 5 to around 700 kilometers.
 * Pacific Basin established the fact that foci depths increase with increasing distance from deep ocean trenches.
 * Wadati-Benioff zones are seismic regions named after 2 scientists who were the first extensivly study them, dip at an average angle of about 45 degrees to the surface.
 * Intensity - a measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage.
 * Magnitude - relies on calculations that use data provide by seismic records to estimate amount of energy rreleased at the source of the earthquake.
 * Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale ranks the earthquakes in roman numerals.
 * It was found by Mercalli, 1902 in California.
 * Moment Magnitude - a more precise way to measure. ||
 * Peter Kim || * __Earthquake Depths:__ It originates at depths ranging from 5 to about 700 km.
 * San Francisco earthquake in 1906 and 1964 Alaskan earthquake had a deep depth.
 * Earthquakes that were found along the oceanic ridge system always have shallow focus and none of them are very strong.
 * Wadati-Benioff zones: Dip at an average angle of 45 degrees to the surface.
 * Intensity: measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on amount of damage it produced.
 * Magnitude: It relies mostly on calculations that use data provided by seismic records and it estimates the amount of energy released at the source of the earthquake.
 * Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale: Developed using California buildings as its standard, but used to estimate the strength of an earthquake.
 * Seismologists used this with tool as to comparing earthquake severity.
 * __Magnitude Scales__: Number of magnitude scales were developed.
 * __One such as the //Richter Magnitude//__//:// Based on the amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded on a seismogram.
 * Other Magnitude Scales: Richter scale are considered to be saturated for large earthquakes because they cannot distinguish between the size of the events that are occurring.
 * Moment Magnitude: More precise measure, which can be calculated using several techniques.
 * One method: Moment magnitude is calculated from field, shear strength of the faulted rock is measured.
 * Moment Magnitude gaining wide acceptance among seismologists and engineers.
 * Michelle Kloda || * 1906 Earthquake involved the upper 15 km of crust
 * Wadati-Benioff zone-narrow zone of iinclined seismic activity that extends from trench downward into asthenosphere
 * intensity- a measuse of the degree of earthquake shaking given locale based on amount of damage
 * magnitude-measurement that relies on calculations that use data from seismic records
 * developed a intensity scale called Modified Mercalli Internsity Scale
 * scales based on effects of earthquakes
 * Richter scale- based on amplitude of largest seismic wave recorded on a seismograph
 * saturated for large earthquakes because they cannot distinguish between size of these events
 * moment magnitude- calculated by using several techniques such as fields studies using combination of factors
 * most violent earthquake- Good Friday on March 27, 1964
 * 28 after shocks and magnitude of 6 ||
 * Max Lewis ||  ||
 * Carlos Martinez ||  ||
 * Andrew Phillips || The earthquakes depth measures from 5 to 700km.
 * Rendell Pineda || * Evidence from seismic records reveals that earthquakes originate at depths 5-700km
 * Earthquake data plotted according to geolgraphic location and depth
 * Seismic regions called Wadati-Benioff zones dip at an average angle of 45 degrees
 * Intensity is a measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage
 * Magnitude relies on calculations that use data provided by seismic records
 * Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is a 12 point scale to measure intensity based on damage
 * Richter scale based on amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded on the seismogram
 * Moment magnitude can be calculated using several techniques. ||
 * Antonette Puleo ||  ||
 * Liliana Rzepecka || * Intensity and magnitude describe the size of en earthquake
 * Intensity- a measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage
 * Magnitude- measurement that relies on calculations that use of energy released at the source of the earthquake
 * Various intensity scales were developed to categorize an earthquake. Those scales analyze damage done to buildings, as well as individual description of an event and secondary effects.
 * Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale was developed using California buildings as its standard, but it is appropriate for use throughout U.S. and Canada to estimate the strength of an Earthquake.
 * Intensity scales are based on destruction, it does not only include the shaking, but also population density, building design and the nature of surface materials
 * Richter Scale- based on the amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded on a Seismogram
 * Richter used a logarithmic scale to express magnitude, where a tenfold increase in wave amplitude corresponds to an increase on the magnitude scale
 * Moment Magnitude- a more precise measure of earthquake magnitude than the Richter scale that is derived from the amount of displacement that occurs along a fault zone. ||
 * Olena Yousif || Earthquake Depths
 * Earthquakes originate at depths from 5 to about 700 km.
 * __Shallow__: the points of origin within the 70 km of the surface.
 * The earthquakes that damage the most occur mostly at shallow depths.
 * Earthquakes are produced along the oceanic ridge systems that have a shallow focus; they tend not to be very strong.
 * Studies have shown that in the Pacific basin they have established the fact that foci depths increase with increase distance from deep ocean trenches.
 * __Wadati- Benioff zones__: the regions that foci depths increase landward.
 * Seismologists have figured out different ways to measure the size of an earthquake; intensity and magnitude.
 * __Intensity__: a measure of the amount of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage.
 * __Magnitude__: a measurement that relies on calculations that use data provided by seismic records to find the amount of energy released at the earthquake.
 * Areas distant from plate boundaries are not necessarily protected.
 * In 1857, it was the first attempt to “scientifically” describe the aftermath of an earthquake.
 * Workers develop various intensity scales that consider damage doe to buildings.
 * __Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale__: developed using California buildings as is standard; it’s a relatively reliable intensity scale.
 * Types of constructions are needed in order to compare earthquakes across the globe.
 * __Richter scale__: based on the amplitude of the largest seismic wave.
 * Since seismic waves weaken as the distance between the earthquake focus and the seismograph increases.
 * The largest magnitude recorded on a Wood Anderson seismograph was 8.9.
 * M=magnitude L = local to study nearby earthquakes.
 * Moment magnitude: seismologists use this because it’s a more precise measure, used to calculate using several techniques. ||
 * Lisa Zarembski ||  ||
 * Adriana